Empire furniture, the bold and grand style that emerged in France during the reign of Napoleon Bonaparte (1804-1814), remains a symbol of power, elegance, and sophistication. Characterized by its strong, imposing forms and lavish detailing, Empire furniture appeals to collectors and connoisseurs who appreciate its rich history and artistry. But what exactly makes a piece Empire? Here’s a guide to help you identify key features of this distinctive style.
1. Strong, Monumental Forms
One of the most striking characteristics of Empire furniture is its emphasis on bold, geometric lines and strong, monumental forms. Unlike the softer curves of earlier styles like Rococo, Empire pieces tend to be more angular and imposing, reflecting the Napoleonic ideals of strength and grandeur. Chairs, tables, and cabinets often feature wide, straight lines and a solid, grounded appearance, meant to convey authority and status.
2. Regal Motifs and Ornate Detailing
Empire furniture is rich with symbolism. Napoleon himself was deeply invested in the visual language of power, and the furniture of his era reflects this. Look for motifs like eagles (representing imperial power), sphinxes (symbolizing mystery and authority), and laurel wreaths (denoting victory). Bronze ormolu (gilded bronze) is often used to accentuate these motifs, with intricate detailing such as lion paw feet, garlands, and fluted columns.
3. Rich, Exotic Woods
The woods used in Empire furniture are often darker and more luxurious than those seen in earlier periods. Mahogany is the wood of choice, prized for its deep, reddish-brown tones and fine grain. In addition to mahogany, ebony and other exotic woods were used for inlays, creating striking contrasts with the larger, solid surfaces. This use of rich materials speaks to the wealth and power of the period.
4. Classical Influence
Empire furniture draws heavily from classical antiquity, especially from Roman and Greek art and architecture. Columns, pediments, and even classical urn shapes often feature in the design of cabinets, side tables, and mirrors. The furniture style also incorporates Roman and Greek motifs such as fluted columns and acanthus leaves, evoking the grandeur of ancient civilizations while also serving to reinforce Napoleon’s self-image as a leader of historical significance.
5. Bold Upholstery and Fabrics
Upholstered Empire furniture, such as sofas and chairs, often uses sumptuous fabrics like velvet, silk, or damask, in deep, rich colors such as crimson, dark blue, or gold. The upholstery is typically more structured and stiff than earlier styles, contributing to the overall bold, formal aesthetic. Embroidered or woven patterns may feature classical motifs or even military emblems, further reinforcing the imperial theme.
6. Furniture Pieces in Empire Style
Common pieces found in the Empire style include consoles, commodes, sideboards, tables, and armchairs. One of the most iconic pieces of Empire furniture is the fauteuil (a type of armchair), often featuring straight lines and bronze mounts. Secretaire desks and armoires were also popular, with large, imposing forms and decorative bronze hardware.
7. Gold and Brass Accents
Gold was a frequent feature in Empire furniture, often used to highlight the richness of the wood and to add an air of regality. This could be in the form of bronze mounts, gilded details, or even entire sections of gold leaf. Brass inlays or ornaments also helped to further elevate the furniture, reflecting the opulence of the period.
In Conclusion
Empire furniture is defined by its boldness, opulence, and strong connection to classical antiquity. It combines grandeur with a focus on imperial power, making it a timeless symbol of sophistication and strength. When identifying Empire pieces, focus on the geometric forms, rich materials, and symbolic embellishments. Whether you’re looking to add to your collection or simply appreciate the artistry of this iconic style, understanding the key features of Empire furniture will deepen your appreciation for these majestic and historic pieces.